The interference of stroop effect on colours and words - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1696 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? ABSTRACT The major focus of this experiment was to study and run an investigation how changing or matching the font color of a given stimulus word towards the color named by the word would affect the time to react when identifying the font color of these words. This is called the stoop effect one of the fundamental phenomenon that is commonly used in cognitive psychology. In other words this experiment would purposely investigate the existing difference in the time taken to react towards either incongruent conditions or congruent conditions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The interference of stroop effect on colours and words" essay for you Create order The participants were required to identify the color of the words present not paying any attention to the actual word. However the time taken by the participant to give a response at every step was recorded in ms. There after a hypothetical test using the t-test method was carried on the collected data to proof the fact that the reaction time during the congruent condition was actually faster. INSTRUCTION The concept of Stroop effect was effective in the year 1935 by John Ridley Stroop basically from the automatic process theory. This theory was concerned with how the processing activities would automatically propagate as a result long-term practice or involvement, at some point response towards such activities would be faster, with less attention and they are not easily avoided (Crank, 1973). According to Stroop the activities such as identifying the word and their associated color was also a form that relied on the automatic process. Therefore the stroop effect was actually a test that demonstrated the distinction or change in time of reaction towards naming the colors, reading the colors of the names and naming the colors of the words painted in different colors (Weiner, 2003). The key aim or objective of the stroop effect experiment was to identify the cognitive ability as well as the attention focus based on the memory and the learning. The cognitive ability for a given individual particularly for concentrating on a given stimuli in the surroundings while not paying any consideration to the others is a fundamental element of attention. The basis of the research around the Stroop effect was the fact that if interference can divert the attention of a given individual from a given stimuli then interference is effective and can impact the neural or cognitive components of discriminatory attention. Stroop used two theories to explain the basis of the Stroop effect; Speed of Processing Theory and the Selective Attention Theory. According to the Selective Attention Theory interference would normally take place since the process of naming colours calls for a great level of more attention than just reading these words. On the other hand the Speed of Processing Theory points out that interference can easily occur just because the process of reading words is faster than the step of naming the colours. Similarly would this diff erent dimension of stimuli have an impact on the reaction time or the response speed? These were some of the question that Stroop based on to carry out his research and the stroop effect experiments. The origin of the stroop effect experiments was the Schneider and Schifrin (1977); the controlled and automatic processing theory. According to the two, automatic form of control was faster than the controlled processing. Therefore if a given activity is automated it would tend to take place or happen with little or actually no conscious effort. On the other hand according to Sheibe, Shaver and Carrier (1967), it was an easier task to make an identification of a congruent word compared to the incongruent words. This was concurred with point of view in the investigation done by Stroop (1935). However much had been done and researched on the key relationship among these contradictory processes, but it was actually Stroop that brought in the element of combining the colours and words, thus Stroop effect. He considered the ability of people against reading colour names and naming the coloured words. Stroop (1935) made a reliable conclusion that there is an effect of interference that imp acted the participants especially on the time they took to complete the task (Weiner Craighead, 2010). As far as this experiment is concerned the analysis would be done using a hypothesis testing method of the T-testing approach to proof that actually according to Stroop (1935), there is an existing interference that impact the respond especially in incongruent situations compared to the congruent situation. This form of data analysis would require the experimenter to generate the mean and the standard deviation value related to the response time in milliseconds. In this analysis a 0.10 significant level was considered. The However from these values the T-test would then be done in order to commit reliable conclusion based on the formulated hypothesis. There are two forms of hypothesis considered in this analysis: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. The Null hypothesis states that, the reaction time for the congruent and the incongruent situation were the same ( µ1- µ2) = 0. The Alternative hypothesis states that, the reaction time for the incongruent situation was higher than the reaction time for the congruent situation ( µ1- µ2) ?0. The hypothesis in place is compost of a two-tailed test; therefore once the mean value is test to be either much bigger or smaller than the then the null hypothesis is rejected (Dodd, Michael, 2001). DESIGN The design that was considered in this experiment was a repeated measure with two variables in place; the stimuli A and stimuli B. The two stimuli all had a mixture of congruent and incongruent aspects. The stimuli A in this case had 30 congruent words will stimuli B had 30 incongruent, stimuli A could be considered as   the uncontrolled experiment where the names of the words bared their associated colour while the stimuli B was the controlled experiment where the names of the wordings was different from the colours they bared. Each of these stimuli had 30 variables and the two were presented for testing within 51 participants. The researcher or the experimenter was expected to carry out both the stimuli A and B on each participant where the response or reaction time at each stimulus for both the congruent and incongruent was recorded in seconds. PARTICIPANTS Fifty one undergraduate students from college willingly volunteered to take part and participated in this laboratory practical. All of those who participated in the experiment were situated within the same stimuli or environment and taken through the exercise by the experimenter. However the participants considered for these exercise were strictly over 18 years of age in mixed gender without any discriminations such as their nationality. As far as the statistics is concerned the average age of the fifty one participants was 36.56 years at a standard deviation of 9.30911. The youngest among the participants was 19 years of age while the eldest participant was 64 years.   However the time taken by each participant to respond or react to a given stimuli was keenly record and the participant were encourage to proceed in case they failed to respond at a given point. MATERIALS The apparatus that were used for the success of this experiment included a personal computer to run the stimuli and a projector to display the same to the participants. The response time of each participant was recorded using a stopwatch. However the collected data was analyzed using the SPSS software. PROCEDURE The participants were taken through the instruction before starting the laboratory process and test individually. Each of these participants was provided with the two list; stimuli A and B containing 30 stimuli each. The participants were requested to give a response to each and every stimulus as quickly as possible by specifying the colours of the words presented on the projector. The response time taken by each participant to react to both the congruent (Stimuli A) and incongruent (Stimuli B) were recorded. RESULTS The response or the reaction time in Milliseconds (Ms.) for each participant for both the congruent and incongruent situation was collected and some of the outcomes of the erroneous response were removed to make a reliable data for analysis. However the mean values and the standard deviation for each set of data were clearly analyzed and presented using the SPSS statistical tool. From the analysis the mean value obtain for congruent situation (Stimuli A) was 21.6157 and for the incongruent situation (Stimuli B) was 35.004. On the other hand the standard deviation value for congruent situation was 7.6833 and for the incongruent situation it was 9.04817. The table below shows the data analysis for the standard deviation and the mean values for both the congruent and incongruent experimental situations. The graphical representation for the above analysis is as shown below for both the mean and standard deviation values. ANALYSIS Computing the standard error (SE), the degree of freedom (DF) as well as the t-test value (t). SE = Sqrt[(S12/N1) + (S22/N2)] Where; S1=7.6833, S2=9.04817, N1=51 and   N2=51 SE = sqrt[(7.68332/51) + (9.048172/51] = sqrt(1.1575 + 1.6053) = sqrt(2.7627) = 1.66216 SE=1.66216 DF = (S12/N1 + S22/N2)2 / { [ (S12/ N1)2 / (N1 1) ] + [ (S22 / N2)2 / (N2 1) ] } DF = (7.68332/51 + 9.048172/51)2 / { [ (7.68332/ 51)2 / (51 1) ] + [ (9.048172 / 51)2 / (51 1) ] } DF = (1.1575+ 1.6052)2 / { [ (1.1575)2 / (51) ] + [ (1.6052)2 / (51) ] }= 7.6325/(0.02627+0.05052) DE=99.39 t = [( µ1  µ2) d] / SE = [ (21.6157 -35.3004 ) 0 ] / 1.66216 = -13.6847/1.66216 = -8.2330 For a two tailed test, the P-value would be the probability that a statistic of 99 degree of freedom exceeds -8.2330; greater or less than 8.2330 or -8.2330 respectively (Proctor, 1994). From the t-distribution calculator at P (t -8.2330) = 0.000, and P (t 8.2330) = 0.000. Thus, the P-value = 0.000 + 0.000= 0.000 Therefore since the P-value (0.000) is much less than the set significance level of 0.10 then the null hypothesis in this case is rejected. The alternative hypothesis is true; the reaction time for the incongruent situation was higher than the reaction time for the congruent situation (Cramer, 1967). CONCLUSION The alternative hypothesis was that the reaction time for the incongruent situation was higher than the reaction time for the congruent situation. The results from these experiment supports this hypothesis, since the time that one would take to respond to a incongruent situation was much longer compared to a congruent situation. Therefore according to the element of this experiment, interference can divert the attention of a given individual from a given stimuli by impacting the neural or cognitive components of discriminatory attention (Korbmacher, 2016). This goes hand in hand according to Stroop (1935) and Sheibe, Shaver and Carrier (1967), it is an easier task to make an identification of a congruent word compared to the incongruent words.

The Spill Of The Bp Oil Spill - 1602 Words

The BP Oil Spill began on April 20, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico after the BP leased, Transocean owned, Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded, killing 11 and injuring 17 of the 126 crew members. The explosion also sank the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig triggering a massive oil spill that would last for 87 days and leak 4.9 billion barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. After the explosion, BP and the federal government enlisted the best minds in the country and worked tirelessly to come up with a solution to stop the leaks, but failed several times due to the extreme depth, pressure and technical complexity of using remotely operated vehicles (ROV). The final resolution of the leak was achieved on July 15, 2010, when a sealing cap was installed over top of the well. Although the stoppage of the leak took just under two months, the clean-up efforts continued for much longer as containment booms, chemical dispersants, skimming vessels and controlled burns were used to mitigate the en vironmental damage. The event was classified as the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world and the largest environmental disaster in United States history. The BP Oil Spill was a very complex situation with a wide range of stakeholders. After the explosion and discovery of leaking oil, the National Contingency Plan took effect establishing something called a â€Å"Unified Area Command† where local, state and federal authorities would join forces with the private sector to carry out theShow MoreRelatedThe Spill Of The Bp Oil Spill1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe BP oil spill was one of the worst oil spills to ever happen in the US. 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Public Administration Budgeting and Human Resource

Question: Discuss about thePublic Administrationfor Budgeting and Human Resource. Answer: Introduction Public administration is a field of study that primarily focuses on organizational management and executive action. It also entails the practical implementation of policies and statues in an executive and mandated order (Lane, 2005). For this reason, public administrators are expected to offer government requisite programs and tender that exhibit value and service to the public. Public administration is characterized by six key elements including ethics, statistics, policy analysis, organizational theory, budgeting, and human resource. As such, it is evident that public administration encompasses a broad array of aspects making it a multidisciplinary element of management. Hierarchy of Southwest Airline Overview of the Company The Southwest Airline is a collective air transport organization that primarily deals in cargo and human transit within the United States with possible expansion being forecasted to other nations. The Southwest airline brags of being the largest low-cost carrier service provider in the world with an important market share in the flight sector. As a publicly traded company, Southwest Airline has a competent workforce. The Southwest airline deals with approximately 3,900 customers on a daily basis with peak travel days registering an even higher number. The franchise has fully tendered and traded in 98 destinations within the United States. It is worth noting that the Southwest airline has a wide operating base with an approximated fleet size of 713 aircraft. Hierarchy of Southwest Airline Hierarchy is defined as the structuring, arrangement and distribution of powers, responsibilities, and authority with the primary objective of enhancing efficient and coordinated flow of work in the organization (Robbins Coulter, 2015). The organization assumes a vertical structure in conducting its operations. For instance, authority streams from the top management to middle management and lastly, to lower management. The organization top level management is responsible for the organizational well being such as ensuring that employees are satisfied with their work and they are realizing the company strategic objectives. Despite the fact that the top management is responsible for making all decisions in the organization, they often seek approval from the junior staffs. The top management including the board of directors understands the importance of employee engagement in decisions that affects their employees. For this reason, they often seek their approval before implementing any decision to ensure that employees feel valued by the company. The figure below highlights the organization hierarchy. Figure 1: Southwest Airline hierarchy. Management System of Southwest Airline Management system is described as the institutionalized framework that encompasses all policies, mandates, duties and tasks to ensure that the strategic objectives of the organization are realized (Griffin, 2010). Notably, the Southwest airline has since inception organized its management system to maintain its competitiveness in the airline industry. As such, it uses an ISO certified systems that are characterized by various aspects of quality management, social accountability and information security management systems (ISMS). Below is a summarized chart of the management system cycle of the company. Figure 2: Southwest Airline Management System Role of Management It is important for organizations to appreciate and acknowledge the essential roles played by management on effective work process. Ideally, management forms the backlog of all organizational processes and hence there is a lot of essence accredited to it (Pfiffner Presthus, 2009). Some of the fundamental role that organization management performs includes planning the organizational flow of processes, organizing activities of the organization, staffing objectives, and decision-making process. These functions are crucial in sustaining the competitiveness of the company in the airline industry. Flow of Communication at Southwest Airline The communication cycle and flow are vital elements within an organization because they depict the level of effectiveness of management. The communication cycle is categorized into five including downward communication, upward communication, lateral communication, diagonal communication, and external communication (Boateng Nikoi, 2004). These communication strategies are used by various organizations to communicate with employees. Southwest Airline makes of upward communication style. According to Wilson (2010), upward communication is that which moves from lower levels to the highest level. As such, subordinates are actively involved in decision making and results in a loyal workforce. Southwest airline in its strategic plan cites the use of upward cycle to ensure that they have a loyal subordinate as well as ensure equitable relations. In conclusion, management plays an essential role in enhancing the competitiveness of an organization. It is their duty to plan and coordinate all the functions of the organization to ensure that things are running smoothly. Besides, communication is essential in engaging employees in issues affecting the organization. The use of upward communication strategy by Southwest Airline makes employees feel valued and respected. References Boateng, K., Nikoi, E. (2014). Collaborative Communication Processes and Decision Making in Organizations. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Griffin, Ricky W. Fundamentals of Management: Core Concepts and Applications. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2007. Print. Lane, J. (2005). Public Administration Public Management : The Principal-Agent Perspective. London: Routledge. Pfiffner, J. M., Presthus, R. V. (2009). Public administration. New York: Ronald Press. Robbins, S. P., Coulter, M. K. (2015). Management.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Wilson, G. L., Goodall, H. L., Waagen, C. L. (2010).Organizational communication. New York: Harper Row.

Physics General Relativity and 19th Century Essay Example

Physics: General Relativity and 19th Century Essay Physics   is a  natural science  that involves the study of  matter  and its  motion  through  spacetime, as well as all related concepts, including  energy  and  force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of  nature, conducted in order to understand how the  universe  behaves. Physics is one of the oldest  academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of  astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics had been considered synonymous with  philosophy,  chemistry, and certain branches of  mathematics  and  biology, but during the  Scientific Revolution  in the 16th century, it emerged to become a unique modern science in its own right. However, in some subject areas such as in  mathematical physics  and  quantum chemistry, the boundaries of physics remain difficult to distinguish. Physics is both significant and influential, in part because advances in its understanding have often translated into new  technologies, but also because new ideas in physics often resonate with other sciences, mathematics, and philosophy. For example, advances in the understanding of  electromagnetism  or  nuclear physics  led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as  television,  computers,  domestic appliances, and  nuclear weapons; advances inthermodynamics  led to the development of motorized transport; and advances in  mechanics  inspired the development of  calculus. SCOPE AND AIMS OF PHYSICS Physics covers a wide range of  phenomena, from  elementary particles  (such as quarks, neutrinos and electrons) to the largest  superclusters  of galaxies. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics: General Relativity and 19th Century specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physics: General Relativity and 19th Century specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physics: General Relativity and 19th Century specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Included in these phenomena are the most basic objects from which all other things are composed, and therefore physics is sometimes called the fundamental science. [8]  Physics aims to describe the various phenomenon that occur in nature in terms of simpler phenomena. Thus, physics aims to both connect the things observable to humans to  root causes, and then to try to connect these causes together. For example, the  ancient Chinese  observed that certain rocks (lodestone) were attracted to one another by some invisible force. This effect was later called  magnetism, and was first rigorously studied in the 17th century. A little earlier than the Chinese, the  ancient Greeks  knew of other objects such as  amber, that when rubbed with fur would cause a similar invisible attraction between the two. This was also first studied rigorously in the 17th century, and came to be called  electricity. Thus, physics had come to understand two observations of nature in terms of some root cause (electricity and magnetism). However, further work in the 19th century revealed that these two forces were just two different aspects of one force –  electromagnetism. This process of unifying forces continues today, and electromagnetism and the  weak nuclear force  are now considered to be two aspects of the  electroweak interaction. Physics  is  closely  related to the other natural sciences and, in a sense, encompasses them. Chemistry, for example, deals with the interaction of atoms to form molecules; much of modern geology is largely a study of the physics of the earth and is known as geophysics; and astronomy deals with the physics of the stars and outer space. Even living systems are made up of fundamental particles and, as studied in biophysics and biochemistry, they follow the same types of laws as the simpler particles traditionally studied by a physicist. The  emphasis  on  the  interaction between particles in modern physics, known as the microscopic approach, must often be supplemented by a macroscopic approach that deals with larger elements or systems of particles. This macroscopic approach is indispensable to the application of physics to much of modern technology. Thermodynamics, for example, a branch of physics developed during the 19th century, deals with the elucidation and measurement of properties of a system as a whole and remains useful in other fields of physics; it also forms the basis of much of chemical and mechanical engineering. Such properties as the temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas have no meaning for an individual atom or molecule; these thermodynamic concepts can only be applied directly to a very large system of such particles. A bridge exists, however, between the microscopic and macroscopic approach; another branch of physics, known as statistical mechanics, indicates how pressure and temperature can be related to the motion of atoms and molecules on a statistical basis. Physics  emerged  as  a  separate science only in the early 19th century; until that time a physicist was often also a mathematician, philosopher, chemist, biologist, engineer, or even primarily a political leader or artist. Today the field has grown to such an extent that with few exceptions modern physicists have to limit their attention to one or two branches of the science. Once the fundamental aspects of a new field are discovered and understood, they become the domain of engineers and other applied scientists. The 19th-century discoveries in electricity and magnetism, for example, are now the province of electrical and communication engineers; the properties of matter discovered at the beginning of the 20th century have been applied in electronics; and the discoveries of nuclear physics, most of them not yet 40 years old, have passed into the hands of nuclear engineers for applications to peaceful or military uses. HISTORY OF PHYSICS Although  ideas  about  the physical world date from antiquity, physics did not emerge as a well-defined field of study until early in the 19th century. The  Babylonians,  Egyptians, and early Mesoamericans observed the motions of the planets and succeeded in predicting eclipses, but they failed to find an underlying system governing planetary motion. Little was added by the Greek civilization, partly because the uncritical acceptance of the ideas of the major philosophers Plato and Aristotle discouraged experimentation. Some  progress  was  made, however, notably in Alexandria, the scientific center of Greek civilization. There, the Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes designed various practical mechanical devices, such as levers and screws, and measured the density of solid bodies by submerging them in a liquid. Other important Greek scientists were the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, who measured the ratio of the distances from the earth to the sun and the moon; the mathematician, astronomer, and geographer Eratosthenes, who determined the circumference of the earth and drew up a catalog of stars; the astronomer Hipparchus, who discovered the precession of the equinoxes; and the astronomer, mathematician, and geographer Ptolemy, who proposed the system of planetary motion that was named after him, in which the earth was the center and the sun, moon, and stars moved around it in circular orbits. Little  advance  was  made in physics, or in any other science, during the Middle Ages, other than the preservation of the classical Greek treatises, for which the Arab scholars such as Averroes and Al-Quarashi, the latter also known as Ibn al-Nafis, deserve much credit. The founding of the great medieval universities by monastic orders in Europe, starting in the 13th century, generally failed to advance physics or any experimental investigations. The Italian Scholastic philosopher and theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas, for instance, attempted to demonstrate that the works of Plato and Aristotle were consistent with the Scriptures. The English Scholastic philosopher and scientist Roger Bacon was one of the few philosophers who advocated the experimental method as the true foundation of scientific knowledge and who also did some work in astronomy, chemistry, optics, and machine design. The  advent  of  modern  science followed the Renaissance and was ushered in by the highly successful attempt by four outstanding individuals to interpret the behavior of the heavenly bodies during the 16th and early 17th centuries. The Polish natural philosopher Nicolaus Copernicus propounded the heliocentric system that the planets move around the sun. He was convinced, however, that the planetary orbits were circular, and therefore his system required almost as many complicated elaborations as the Ptolemaic system it was intended to replace (see Copernican System). The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, believing in the Ptolemaic system, tried to confirm it by a series of remarkably accurate measurements. These provided his assistant, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, with the data to overthrow the Ptolemaic system and led to the enunciation of three laws that conformed with a modified heliocentric theory. Galileo, having heard of the invention of the telescope, constructed one of his own and, starting in 1609, was able to confirm the heliocentric system by observing the phases of the planet Venus. He also discovered the surface irregularities of the moon, the four brightest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, and many stars in the Milky Way. Galileos interests were not limited to astronomy; by using inclined planes and an improved water clock, he had earlier demonstrated that bodies of different weight fall at the same rate (thus overturning Aristotles dictums), and that their speed increases uniformly with the time of fall. Galileos astronomical discoveries and his work in mechanics foreshadowed the work of the 17th-century English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton, one of the greatest scientists who ever lived. NEWTON AND MECHANICS Starting  about  1665,  at the age of 23, Newton enunciated the principles of mechanics, formulated the law of universal gravitation, separated white light into colors, proposed a theory for the propagation of light, and invented differential and integral calculus. Newtons contributions covered an enormous range of natural phenomena: He was thus able to show that not only Keplers laws of planetary motion but also Galileos discoveries of falling bodies follow a combination of his own second law of motion and the law of gravitation, and to predict the appearance of comets, explain the effect of the moon in producing the tides, and explain the precession of the equinoxes. The  subsequent  development of physics owes much to Newtons laws of motion, notably the second, which states that the force needed to accelerate an object will be proportional to its mass times the acceleration. If the force and the initial position and velocity of a body are given, subsequent positions and velocities can be computed, although the force may vary with time or position; in the latter case, Newtons calculus must be applied. This simple law contained another important aspect: Each body has an inherent property, its inertial mass, which influences its motion. The greater this mass, the slower the change of velocity when a given force is impressed. Even today, the law retains its practical utility, as long as the body is not very small, not very massive, and not moving extremely rapidly. Newtons third law, expressed simply as â€Å"for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction,† recognizes, in more sophisticated modern terms, that all forces between particles come in oppositely directed pairs, although not necessarily along the line joining the particles. Gravity Newtons  more  specific contribution to the description of the forces in nature was the elucidation of the force of gravity. Today scientists know that in addition to gravity only three other fundamental forces give rise to all observed properties and activities in the universe: those of electromagnetism, the so-called strong nuclear interactions that bind together the neutrons and protons within atomic nuclei, and the weak interactions between some of the elementary particles that account for the phenomenon of radioactivity. Understanding of the force concept, however, dates from the universal law of gravitation, which recognizes that all material particles, and the bodies that are composed of them, have a property called gravitational mass. This property causes any two particles to exert attractive forces on each other (along the line joining them) that are directly proportional to the product of the masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the particles. This force of gravity governs the motion of the planets about the sun and the earths own gravitational field, and it may also be responsible for the possible gravitational collapse, the final stage in the life cycle of stars. See Black Hole; Gravitation; Star. One  of  the  most  important observations of physics is that the gravitational mass of a body (which is the source of one of the forces existing between it and another particle), is effectively the same as its inertial mass, the property that determines the motional response to any force exerted on it. This equivalence, now confirmed experimentally to within one part in 1013, holds in the sense of proportionality—that is, when one body has twice the gravitational mass of another, it also has twice the inertial mass. Thus, Galileos demonstrations, which antedate Newtons laws, that bodies fall to the ground with the same acceleration and hence with the same motion, can be explained by the fact that the gravitational mass of a body, which determines the forces exerted on it, and the inertial mass, which determines the response to that force, cancel out. The  full  significance of this equivalence between gravitational and inertial masses, however, was not appreciated until Albert Einstein, the theoretical physicist who enunciated the theory of relativity, saw that it led to a further implication: the inability to distinguish between a gravitational field and an accelerated frame of reference (see the Modern Physics: Relativity section of this article). The  force  of  gravity  is the weakest of the four forces of nature when elementary particles are considered. The gravitational force between two protons, for example, which are among the heaviest elementary particles, is at any given distance only 10-36 the magnitude of the electrostatic forces between them, and for two such protons in the nucleus of an atom, this force in turn is many times smaller than the strong nuclear interaction. The dominance of gravity on a macroscopic scale is due to two reasons: (1) Only one type of mass is known, which leads to only one kind of gravitational force, which is attractive. The many elementary particles that make up a large body, such as the earth, therefore exhibit an additive effect of their gravitational forces in line with the addition of their masses, which thus become very large. (2) The gravitational forces act over a large range, and decrease only as the square of the distance between two bodies. By  contrast,  the  electric charges of elementary particles, which give rise to electrostatic and magnetic forces, are either positive or negative, or absent altogether. Only particles with opposite charges attract one another, and large composite bodies therefore tend to be electrically neutral and inactive. On the other hand, the nuclear forces, both strong and weak, are extremely short range and become hardly noticeable at distances of the order of 1 million-millionth of an inch. Despite  its  macroscopic importance, the force of gravity remains so weak that a body must be very massive before its influence is noticed by another. Thus, the law of universal gravitation was deduced from observations of the motions of the planets long before it could be checked experimentally. Not until 1771 did the British physicist and chemist Henry Cavendish confirm it by using large spheres of lead to attract small masses attached to a torsion pendulum, and from these measurements also deduced the density of the earth. In  the  two  centuries  after Newton, although mechanics was analyzed, reformulated, and applied to complex systems, no new physical ideas were added. The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler first formulated the equations of motion for rigid bodies, while Newton had dealt only with masses concentrated at a point, which thus acted like particles. Various mathematical physicists, among them Joseph Louis Lagrange of France and Sir William Rowan Hamilton of Ireland extended Newtons second law in more sophisticated and elegant reformulations. Over the same period, Euler, the Dutch-born scientist Daniel Bernoulli, and other scientists also extended Newtonian mechanics to lay the foundation of fluid mechanics. Electricity and Magnetism Although  the  ancient  Greeks were aware of the electrostatic properties of amber, and the Chinese as early as 2700 bc made crude magnets from lodestone, experimentation with and the understanding and use of electric and magnetic phenomena did not occur until the end of the 18th century. In 1785 the French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb first confirmed experimentally that electrical charges attract or repel one another according to an inverse square law, similar to that of gravitation. A powerful theory to calculate the effect of any number of static electric charges arbitrarily distributed was subsequently developed by the French mathematician Simeon-Denis Poisson and the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. A  positively  charged  particle attracts a negatively charged particle, tending to accelerate one toward the other. If the medium through which the particle moves offers resistance to that motion, this may be reduced to a constant-velocity (rather than accelerated) motion, and the medium will be heated up and may also be otherwise affected. The ability to maintain an electromotive force that could continue to drive electrically charged particles had to await the development of the chemical battery by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. The classical theory of a simple electric circuit assumes that the two terminals of a battery are maintained positively and negatively charged as a result of its internal properties. When the terminals are connected by a wire, negatively charged particles will be simultaneously pushed away from the negative terminal and attracted to the positive one, and in the process heat up the wire that offers resistance to the motion. Upon their arrival at the positive terminal, the battery will force the particles toward the negative terminal, overcoming the opposing forces of Coulombs law. The German physicist Georg Simon Ohm first discovered the existence of a simple proportionality constant between the current flowing and the electromotive force supplied by a battery, known as the resistance of the circuit. Ohms law, which states that the resistance is equal to the electromotive force, or voltage, divided by the current, is not a fundamental and universally applicable law of physics, but rather describes the behavior of a limited class of solid materials. The  historical  concepts of magnetism, based on the existence of pairs of oppositely charged poles, had started in the 17th century and owe much to the work of Coulomb. The first connection between magnetism and electricity, however, was made through the pioneering experiments of the Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Oersted, who in 1819 discovered that a magnetic needle could be deflected by a wire nearby carrying an electric current. Within one week after learning of Oersteds discovery, the French scientist Andre Marie Ampere showed experimentally that two current-carrying wires would affect each other like poles of magnets. In 1831 the British physicist and chemist Michael Faraday discovered that an electric current could be induced (made to flow) in a wire without connection to a battery, either by moving a magnet or by placing another current-carrying wire with an unsteady—that is, rising and falling—current nearby. The intimate connection between electricity and magnetism, now established, can best be stated in terms of electric or magnetic fields, or forces that will act at a particular point on a unit charge or unit current, respectively, placed at that point. Stationary electric charges produce electric fields; currents—that is, moving electric charges—produce magnetic fields. Electric fields are also produced by changing magnetic fields, and vice versa. Electric fields exert forces on charged particles as a function of their charge alone; magnetic fields will exert an additional force only if the charges are in motion. These  qualitative  findings were finally put into a precise mathematical form by the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell who, in developing the partial differential equations that bear his name, related the space and time changes of electric and magnetic fields at a point with the charge and current densities at that point. In principle, they permit the calculation of the fields everywhere and any time from a knowledge of the charges and currents. An unexpected result arising from the solution of these equations was the prediction of a new kind of electromagnetic field, one that was produced by accelerating charges, that was propagated through space with the speed of light in the form of an electromagnetic wave, and that decreased with the inverse square of the distance from the source. In 1887 the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz succeeded in actually generating such waves by electrical means, thereby laying the foundations for radio, radar, television, and other forms of telecommunications. See Electromagnetic Radiation. The  behavior  of  electric and magnetic fields in these waves is quite similar to that of a very long taut string, one end of which is rapidly moved up and down in a periodic fashion. Any point along the string will be observed to move up and down, or oscillate, with the same period or with the same frequency as the source. Points along the string at different distances from the source will reach the maximum vertical displacements at different times, or at a different phase. Each point along he string will do what its neighbor did, but a little later, if it is further removed from the vibrating source. The speed with which the disturbance, or the message to oscillate, is transmitted along the string is called the wave velocity. This is a function of the medium, its mass, and the tension in the case of a string. An instantaneous snapshot of the string (after it has been in motion for a while) would show equispaced points having the same displaceme nt and motion, separated by a distance known as the wavelength, which is equal to the wave velocity divided by the frequency. In the case of the electromagnetic field one can think of the electric-field strength as taking the place of the up-and-down motion of each piece of the string, with the magnetic field acting similarly at a direction at right angles to that of the electric field. The electromagnetic-wave velocity away from the source is the speed of light. The  apparent  linear  propagation of light was known since antiquity, and the ancient Greeks believed that light consisted of a stream of corpuscles. They were, however, quite confused as to whether these corpuscles originated in the eye or in the object viewed. Any satisfactory theory of light must explain its origin and disappearance and its changes in speed and direction while it passes through various media. Partial answers to these questions were proposed in the 17th century by Newton, who based them on the assumptions of a corpuscular theory, and by the English scientist Robert Hooke and the Dutch astronomer, mathematician, and physicist Christiaan Huygens, who proposed a wave theory. No experiment could be performed that distinguished between the two theories until the demonstration of interference in the early 19th century by the British physicist and physician Thomas Young. The French physicist Augustin Jean Fresnel decisively favored the wave theory. Interference  can  be  demonstrated by placing a thin slit in front of a light source, stationing a double slit farther away, and looking at a screen spaced some distance behind the double slit. Instead of showing a uniformly illuminated image of the slits, the screen will show equispaced light and dark bands. Particles coming from the same source and arriving at the screen via the two slits could not produce different light intensities at different points and could certainly not cancel each other to yield dark spots. Light waves, however, can produce such an effect. Assuming, as did Huygens, that each of the double slits acts as a new source, emitting light in all directions, the two wave trains arriving at the screen at the same point will not generally arrive in phase, though they will have left the two slits in phase. Depending on the difference in their paths, â€Å"positive† displacements arriving at the same time as â€Å"negative† displacements of the other will tend to cancel out and produce darkness, while the simultaneous arrival of either positive or negative displacements from both sources will lead to reinforcement or brightness. Each apparent bright spot undergoes a timewise variation as successive in-phase waves go from maximum positive through zero to maximum negative displacement and back. Neither the eye nor any classical instrument, however, can determine this rapid â€Å"flicker,† which in the visible-light range has a frequency from 4 ? 014 to 7. 5 ? 1014 Hz, or cycles per second. Although it cannot be measured directly, the frequency can be inferred from wavelength and velocity measurements. The wavelength can be determined from a simple measurement of the distance between the two slits, and the distance between adjacent bright bands on the screen; it ranges from 4 ? 10-5 cm (1. 6 ? 10-5 in) for violet light to 7. 5 ? 10-5 cm (3 ? 10-5 in) for red light with intermediate wavelengths for the other colors. The  first  measurement of the velocity of light was carried out by the Danish astronomer Olaus Roemer in 1676. He noted an apparent time variation between successive eclipses of Jupiters moons, which he ascribed to the intervening change in the distance between Earth and Jupiter, and to the corresponding difference in the time required for the light to reach the earth. His measurement was in fair agreement with the improved 19th-century observations of the French physicist Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau, and with the work of the American physicist Albert Abraham Michelson and his coworkers, which extended into the 20th century. Today the velocity of light is known very accurately as 299,292. 6 km (185,971. 8 mi sec) in vacuum. In matter, the velocity is less and varies with frequency, giving rise to a phenomenon known as dispersion. Maxwells  work  contributed several important results to the understanding of light by showing that it was electromagnetic in origin and that electric and magnetic fields oscillated in a light wave. His work predicted the existence of nonvisible light, and today electromagnetic waves or radiations are known to cover the spectrum from amma rays, with wavelengths of 10-12 cm (4 ? 10-11 in), through X rays, visible light, microwaves, and radio waves, to long waves of hundreds of kilometers in length. It also related the velocity of light in vacuum and through media to other observed properties of space and matter on which electrical and magnetic effects depend. Maxwells discoveries, however, did not provide any insight into the mysterious medium, corresponding to the string, th rough which light and electromagnetic waves had to travel. Based on the experience with water, sound, and elastic waves, scientists assumed a similar medium to exist, a â€Å"luminiferous ether† without mass, which was all-pervasive (because light could obviously travel through a massless vacuum), and had to act like a solid (because electromagnetic waves were known to be transverse and the oscillations took place in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and gases and liquids could only sustain longitudinal waves, such as sound waves). The search for this mysterious ether occupied physicists attention for much of the last part of the 19th century. The  problem  was  further compounded by an extension of a simple problem. A person walking forward with a speed of 3. 2 km/h (2 mph) in a train traveling at 64. 4 km/h (40 mph) appears to move at 67. 6 km/h (42 mph), to an observer on the ground. In terms of the velocity of light the question that now arose was: If light travels at about 300,000 km/sec (about 186,000 mi/sec) through the ether, at what velocity should it travel relative to an observer on earth while the earth also moves through the ether? Or, alternately, what is the earths velocity through the ether? The famous Michelson-Morley experiment, first performed in 1887 by Michelson and the American chemist Edward Williams Morley using an interferometer, was an attempt to measure this velocity; if the earth were traveling through a stationary ether, a difference should be apparent in the time taken by light to traverse a given distance, depending on whether it travels in the direction of or perpendicular to the earths motion. The experiment was sensitive enough to detect even a very slight difference by interference; the results were negative. Physics was now in a profound quandary from which it was not rescued until Einstein formulated his theory of relativity in 1905. Thermodynamics A  branch  of  physics  that assumed major stature during the 19th century was thermodynamics. It began by disentangling the previously confused concepts of heat and temperature, by arriving at meaningful definitions, and by showing how they could be related to the heretofore purely mechanical concepts of work and energy. Heat And Temperature A  different  sensation is experienced when a hot or a cold body is touched, leading to the qualitative and subjective concept of temperature. The addition of heat to a body leads to an increase in temperature (as long as no melting or boiling occurs), and in the case of two bodies at different temperatures brought into contact, heat flows from one to the other until their temperatures become the same and thermal equilibrium is reached. To arrive at a scientific measure of temperature, scientists used the observation that the addition or subtraction of heat produced a change in at least one well-defined property of a body. The addition of heat, for example, to a column of liquid maintained at constant pressure increased the length of the column, while the heating of a gas confined in a container raised its pressure. Temperature, therefore, can invariably be measured by one other physical property, as in the length of the mercury column in an ordinary thermometer, provided the other relevant properties remain unchanged. The mathematical relationship between the relevant physical properties of a body or system and its temperature is known as the equation of state. Thus, for an ideal gas, a simple relationship exists between the pressure, p, volume V, number of moles n, and the absolute temperature T, given by pV = nRT, where R is the same constant for all ideal gases. Boyles law, named after the British physicist and chemist Robert Boyle, and Gay-Lussacs law or Charless law, named after the French physicists and chemists Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles, are both contained in this equation of state. Until  well  into  the  19th century, heat was considered a massless fluid called caloric, contained in matter and capable of being squeezed out of or into it. Although the so-called caloric theory answered most early questions on thermometry and calorimetry, it failed to provide a sound explanation of many early 19th-century observations. The first true connection between heat and other forms of energy was observed in 1798 by the Anglo-American physicist and statesman Benjamin Thompson who noted that the heat produced in the boring of cannon was roughly proportional to the amount of work done. In mechanics, work is the product of a force on a body and the distance through which the body moves during its application. The First Law of Thermodynamics The  equivalence  of  heat and work was explained by the German physicist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz and the British mathematician and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, by the middle of the 19th century. Equivalence means that doing work on a system can produce exactly the same effect as adding heat; thus the same temperature rise can be achieved in a gas contained in a vessel by adding heat or by doing an appropriate amount of work through a paddle wheel sticking into the container w

An American Tragedy vs A Place in the Sun Essay Example

An American Tragedy vs A Place in the Sun Essay Example An American Tragedy vs A Place in the Sun Paper An American Tragedy vs A Place in the Sun Paper Often, movie adaptations of novels will have many variances. These inconsistencies can change major themes in the story. Such differences appear between Theodore Dressers An American Tragedy and its film adaptation, A Place in the Sun. The films title has a light-hearted and paradisiacal implication, in contrast to the novels title, which suggests hopelessness and suffering. These titles mirror the overall thematic difference in the two versions. The novel blatantly exposes the reality of American society to illustrate how the American dream is an illusion, whereas the film focuses on the consequences that result from foolishness. In An American Tragedy, Cycles downfall is caused by tragic flaws deeply ingrained in American Society. Dresser includes characters from every spectrum of social class and exposes their faults. Both Hornets Briggs and Sandra Finley feign interest in Clyde for their own benefit. Hornets is a lower class Kansas City girl who manipulates Clyde in search of material possessions. Sandra, a wealthy and beautiful woman, shows interest in Clyde to irritate Gilbert Griffith. Dresser introduces many other characters with this same self-centered attitude, such as Orville Mason, the district attorney. It looks to be the biggest and most important case in all my term in office, and if we can only clean it up satisfactorily and quickly, before things break here this fall, it made do us all some good, eh? (532). Orville does not see Cycles case as a fight for Justice, but an easy win for his political standing. Dresser includes these details to highlight the harsh intentions and motivations of Americans. This consistency in motive emphasizes the theme that Americans have a toxic obsession with personal gain that drives many individuals, regardless of class. Clyde is manipulated and his mind is irrupted by people trying to achieve what they think is the American dream, when in reality there is no such thing. Clyde becomes obsessed with being on top both economically and socially, driving him to commit the murder that ultimately leads to his death. In A Place in the Sun, George (Clyde) is led to committing murder not by his obsession with obtaining the American dream, but by his infatuation with Angela (Sandra). The movie focuses less on society and more on the individual. Georges intention to murder Alice (Roberta) to be with Angela exposes his own selfishness, UT his actions are Justified by love. The film skips the first part of the novel, which expands on why Clyde desires to achieve the American Dream. Because of this omission, the theme of the story is changed. Instead of being pulled to the top by greed, the film suggests that George is motivated by love. Georges foolishness in dealing with his two relationships results in Lices accidental drowning. This presents the theme that love can lead to good as well as evil. George is not corrupted by society, (as in the novel), but wrapped up in a situation caused by his own, individual folly. The title of the film suggests this same theme. George is introduced to this place in the sun of luxury, wealth and beautiful women, but his mistakes lead him in another direction. The differing themes between the novel and the film are the novels idea of the tragedy of American society and the films focus on individual mistakes. Dresser portrays characters as greedy and manipulative, while the film portrays them as foolishly in love. The reasons behind this inconsistency may more light-hearted because its purpose is more to entertain, while the novel may be meant to be intellectually profound.

Rio Bravo A Western With Deep Relationship Insight

Rio Bravo A Western With Deep Relationship Insight Rio Bravo was Hawks’ response on the other western High Moon by Fred Zinnemann. Hawks accused Zinnemann’s sheriff of being weak and unprofessional. Thus, he created his own version of the story, presenting â€Å"the most detailed and elegant expression of his typical concerns – self-respect, self-control, the interdependence of select chosen friends† (McCarthy 565).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rio Bravo: A Western With Deep Relationship Insight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the main concern of the film was relationship between the main characters. Wood calls that relationship a family relationship, where Chance is â€Å"Father†, â€Å"the master of the â€Å"home† but with the freedom to move outside†; Stumpy is â€Å"Mother†, who almost never leaves â€Å"the home/jail†; Dude and Colorado are â€Å"the occasionally troublesome sons† ( Wood xxii). Wood stresses that this close relationship is very strong and committed, because â€Å"family members are bound† not by blood, but â€Å"by personal loyalty and mutual respect† (Wood xxii). Thus, limited settings of the film only contribute to the creation of such intimacy. Hawks creates a small community where such close family relationship is transparent. The small town keeps the main characters together. Hawks deliberately restricts the area to concentrate on the relation. It is very interesting, that though Rio Bravo is a western, it is more focused on the relationship rather than on the action. Single area setting enables Hawks to create the necessary background for relationship development and characters’ personality development depiction. As stated above the film is focused on the interrelations and personality development. Thus, each of the characters goes his/her own path to find something inside of oneself and become better. From the very beginning of the film Dude is trying to go this path, and. Finally, he succeeds. From the very first scene of the film Dude receives the necessary impact to change oneself, overcome his weakness and become a good, strong and reliable person. This impact is actually the key event of the story, event which provokes the whole story. First, the viewers meet a miserable drunk Dude, and then they get to know that this drunk was once a respected man. Finally, in the course of the film Dude becomes positive and respectful. It is worth mentioning that Hawks doesn’t deprive Dude from being human, and he yields to his weakness and gets drunk, he shows his weakness. But it does not mean he is again that miserable drunk. It only proves that Dude is a strong man who is ready to give his life for his friends and the right deeds.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another figure that is changing during the film is Chance. This sheriff is very strong and confident; he understands and accepts his responsibility for the order in his town. He doesn’t want and doesn’t afford to accept help from non-professionals. He rejects the help of people of his town, motivating that by the fact that these â€Å"helpers† will be only easy targets for the bad guys. Chance is very confident is really like a father, a bit superior and responsible for his family. This is vividly revealed in the scene when they sing a song in the jail, all are involved: Dude, Colorado, and Stumpy. Only Chance is a little bit apart, watching them, smiling as if at his lovely kids. But he changes and accepts their help, after he sees them to be professionals. For instance, in the scene when they change Dude for Burdette Chance is sure in Dudes ability to win Burdette. Chance finally admits that his â€Å"children† are grown-up and can help him. It is worth mentioning t hat Chance has changed not only in his attitude to his friends. He also changes his attitude towards women by saying Feathers he loves her. He is ready to quit his lonely life and he is ready for romantic relationship. Chance is not that tough emotionless guy that he used to be; now he is open to new emotional experiences. It is also very interesting to see the change of the character considering Feather. Being a female character in a western, as Wood suggests, means to be an entertainment part of it; females are often deprived of some independent actions, they are a kind of entourage, though they are also indispensible (Wood xxiii). However, this film reveals Feathers as a strong character who â€Å"trains Chance†, trains him â€Å"for a relationship of spiritual equals† (Wood 48). Apart from changing Chance, Feather also changes her relationship with herself and her life. She is also changing during the film. From the salon entertainer she turns into a strong and c ommitted personality, she does not go with the stream anymore; she is ready to take control of her life. One of the pivotal moments of this change can be regarded the scene when Feather talks to Colorado, she admits that her life is different from that it is to be. It may be the moment when she understands that changes are necessary. One more crucial moment for her is when Chance asks her to stop wearing feathers, thus, stop leading the life she led. Then Chance says he loves her, and that can be the final impact that changes Feather into a respectful woman, who respects herself. Thus, all these characters became better due to interrelation with each other, their help, attention, respect and support made all of them capable to become better. Apart from creating the atmosphere of intimacy which was to stress the characters’ relationship and personal development, Hawks still succeeded in creating a good western with action, guns and shooting. Hawks was a real professional. One of his best findings was the creation of the affect of suspense. From the very first scenes of the film there is suspense of Burdette’s attack. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rio Bravo: A Western With Deep Relationship Insight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After the killer imprisonment the viewer is waiting for the great fight of bad guys and good guys. Everyone in the town is waiting for it, sheriff and his deputies are getting prepared. Focusing on the characters interrelations Hawks never stops reminding the viewer about the coming attack. Characters dialogues are full of this suspense. One of the ways to enhance the suspense is music. The scene when Burdette pays Mexicans for playing that specific tune. And from that moment the tune never stops, Colorado explains that this is a sign, the sign that the prisoner will be saved. Thus, this continuing melody keeps the viewer aware of the fact that the f ight is inevitable. In conclusion it is necessary to add that Rio Bravo became one of the best examples of westerns due to its originality and preciseness. Not many westerns are as much concerned with relationship and such important issues as professionalism, friendship and responsibility. Thus, Rio Bravo is still watched and praised since, on one hand, it reveals a great example of how to make a good film, on the other hand, it represents classic western with deep insight into the nature of people relationship. McCarthy, Todd. Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood. New York: Grove Press, 2000. Wood, Robin. Howard Hawks. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2006.

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Business ethics - Essay Example A person cannot be tortured because one has moral rights. Immanuel Kant is a famous philosopher who proposed a theory named categorical imperative. Categorical imperative is based on the moral principle and it is like a command to tell people what can be done and what cannot. The theory claims that everyone is a free person who has moral right and correlative duty to be compared with another in this way. Kant proposed two formulations of categorical imperative. Kant gives us a term â€Å"maxim† which can be explained as follows: â€Å"A maxim for Kant is the reason a person in certain situation has for doing what he or she plans to do. A maxim would â€Å"become a universal law† if every person in a similar situation chose to do the same thing for the same reason.† (p99) According to the definition of maxim, we can understand the first formulation easily. First formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative is that we only can act according to the reasons th at we want others to do the same toward us in a similar situation, which means transpositonal consideration. Furthermore, the action is morally right if a person acts by a reason to others in a certain situation that he or she has the willing to let others treat him or her in the same situation. If the person cannot have the willing to have others to act the same way that he or she acts towards others, the action is morally wrong. The first formulation has two criteria to estimate whether an action is morally right or wrong. The first criterion is universality that means â€Å"the person’s reasons for acting must be reasons that everyone could act on at least in principle.† (p99) The second criteria is reversibility that means â€Å"the person’s reasons for acting must be reasons that that person would be willing to have all others use, even as a basis of how they treat him or her† (p99). The second formulation

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Strategic management - Essay Example In general, a case study on a particular business organization provides an in-depth analysis on its operation, structure, and situation. However, a study accomplishes more than just that by giving us a view of a company copes with the internal pressures and the external trends, challenges, and opportunity. This paper will focus on the case study entitled South African Beverages (SAB): Achieving Growth in the Global market. The main focus is to expose the central issues on the business organization’s alternative strategic directions. The case lays out the significant information that SAB needs to consider before it can make any strategically efficient choice. Looking closely, this wealth of information can either be classified as products of internal or environmental scanning. Internal scanning essentially looks at the vision, mission, objectives, structure, strategy, core competence, strengths and weaknesses of a company while environmental scanning refers to the analysis of t he external factors which affects the business organization such as opportunities, threats, trends, changes, and developments. Any strategic direction taken by SAB should always be in line with how it wants to see itself in the future and its strategic goals. The company’s vision is to be one of the top five brewers in the world. In terms of organizational structure, it is apparent that SAB is employing a decentralized strategy in managing its human resource.

The Spiritual Dimension of Being a Beginning Teacher Personal Statement

The Spiritual Dimension of Being a Beginning Teacher - Personal Statement Example I believe teaching is a career choice that is geared towards uniting both people and ideas, which I think are key to my success as a profession in life. Teaching is a noble profession. Notwithstanding, teaching is also a profession that is adaptable to different personalities. My personality is generally very outgoing and people-oriented. I believe that working with others is key as a teacher, and think that I would be able to adapt well to a learning environment situation that requires me to interact with many different people on a daily basis. So much of a teacher’s attention is demanded every day in the smallest of interactions. I feel that I should teach because my personality is suited to meeting those many small and specific needs students have. I think I would be very good at that. Further, I would like to use my skills to help students learn, at varying levels. I have years of experience studying my field. Finally, I am interested in working in a profession that is gea red towards involving both people and ideas. I am convinced that the field that I would work in would have to include a human element besides just working strictly with information. So, I like the fact that I get to work with people and have social interactions with students, faculty, and staff. This is a key component of my happiness. After doing my teacher aiding, I realize that I cannot work with ideas and information alone. It is really the people at my workplace, in my profession—whom I will come across every day—who will make my life more enjoyable. That is what I look forward to as a teacher, is the camaraderie and sense of belonging to an organization. In closing, I am looking for many things as I search for my teaching career as I embark on a new journey. In essence, why teach? I don’t just teach because I can, but because I must, for the following reasons. Teaching is a profession which suits my personality. I want to teach in order to utilize my core subject skills to help other people. Last, but not least, I would like to be involved in a profession that includes both people and ideas as part of its schema—following in the footsteps of great former teachers before me. III. My Goals as a Beginning Teacher My goals as a beginning teacher are based on Curtain’s (2004) assertion that â€Å"the three characteristics of effective teachers [which are]: [having] classroom management skills, †¦teach[ing] for lesson mastery, and†¦ practice[ing] positive expectations† (pp. 205). I believe these goals will help me to be a well-prepared and productive teacher. These goals are important to have because they will keep me focused on what I should be striving for within the teaching profession. One cannot expect to be an effective teacher if the classroom environment is out-of-control.

Shareholder Theory vs Stakeholder Theory

Shareholder Theory vs Stakeholder Theory

Free Process Essays - How to Procrastinate :: Free Expository Process Essays

How to Procrastinate Have you ever heard friends or family members brag about how productive they were that day, or week, or month? Those people really bother me. And it's because I can never get anything done; it takes me a long time to accomplish the simplest tasks. I pride myself in being a grade A procrastinator. My three specific examples will help anyone perfect the arts of wasting time and procrastination. Then you can brag about how extremely unproductive you were today. I am not a super messy person, but I don't necessarily keep my room clean all the time, either. Many a time I have opted to put away my clothes, clean out my binder and my backpack, make my lunch for the next day, and/or take a shower before I get to my homework. Doing all these activities takes a while, and I usually end up doing all of them on nights when I have a lot of homework, or if I have a test the next day. Any type of cleaning or household chore would work, though, such as scrubbing the shower, vacuuming, or dusting. Another great way to waste time is to daydream. I can sit for fifteen minutes or more before I realize that I should be doing something else. I usually think about something that happened that day, and then imagine an alternate ending. Or I will imagine calling someone on the phone, and play out the entire conversation in my head. Sometimes I look out the window and look at all the trees, clouds, squirrels, or even the grass in my backyard. This is a great procrastination method when combined with a simple cleaning task, like cleaning out a backpack. The best way to procrastinate is to interact with other people. That way you can lay part of the blame on someone else: "Well, Mom was talking to me about something important. I couldn't just walk away." I prefer to talk on the phone to friends who go to schools far away. We usually don't talk too often, so when we do, we have to make it count. For those that who don't want to spend a mountain of money on phone bills, any kind of messaging system on the Internet is a great way to communicate.

“Marginalization” by Chandrakant Mallya

In a scale, both arms are equally important. If one of them tilts, the result is imbalance. Compare the scale to the society. A perfect society viewed from any angle, is impossibility. Turn the pages of human history—perfection was never there. It is reasonable to assume that it will never be there!   It can not be completely avoided either. Society at any given time has not existed and functioned without marginalization! Some of the definitions of marginalization are: â€Å"To relegate or confine to a lower or outer limit or edge, as of social standing.† â€Å"Marginalization (USA) refers to the overt or covert trends within societies whereby those perceived as lacking desirable traits or deviating from the group norms tend to be excluded by wider society and ostracized as undesirables.† Wing Leung describes A marginal person as â€Å"†¦one who does not belong†¦the marginal man†¦ [dwells] at the margin of two cultures and two societies†¦ [and possesses] a marginal mentality†¦ [with its] unresolved identity crises.† Louis Wirth speaking of minority groups thus: â€Å"A group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.† This means, the more numerically dominant members, or the more prosperous section of the society gives unequal treatment leading to acts of social ostracism, acts of discrimination, leading to marginalization. In â€Å"Sula† Tony Morrison traces the lives of two black heroines. They grow together in a small Ohio town—well, that’s the only common point about them. Otherwise, they are poles apart. Their paths are totally divergent, obviously their thinking as well! Nel Wright chooses the normal life of a black woman marries and settles in the place of her birth. She is part of the tightly-knit black community. Sula Peace rejects this option outright. She escapes to a city, joins a college, and when she returns to her roots, she is a rebel. She decides to teach a lesson to the society that humiliated her in childhood. She mocks at the social norms, and she is a wanton sexual seductress. Her vicarious pleasure is depicted in her triumphant return to her village and she is extremely happy about the victory she scored by crossing the hurdles that she faced in her life due to the color of her skin. These two characters ably depict, with utmost sincerity to their own emotions, their suffering and enjoyment   in the light of various trials and tribulations that was part of their life and living. The Civil War in USA led to the physical liberation. The War for economic liberation began thereafter. In Sula Toni Morrison provides us with the real history lesson with the depiction of the black way of life, a society which still continues to be marginalized both from social and economic standpoints. â€Å"Through their girlhood years they share everything — perceptions, judgments, yearnings, secrets, even crime — until Sula gets out, out of the Bottom, the hilltop neighborhood where beneath the sporting life of the men hanging around the place in head rags and soft felt hares there hides a fierce resentment at failed crops, lost jobs, thieving insurance men, bug-ridden flour . . . at the invisible line that cannot be overstepped.†Ã‚   (Morison, 1973) Fences is the story of four generations of black Americans.   The torch of legacy of morals, attitudes, mores and patterns passes through stories. Troy Maxon is the principle character of the play. Being a black, the part of the marginalized society of America, how and why he had to scale down his dreams to adjust inside his run-down yard. The opening scene   Ã‚  begins with Troy Maxon and his trusted friend Jim Bono engaged in drinking and talking. The anguish of marginalization related victimization is evident, when he makes a formal compliant to his bosses, why only white men are permitted to drive garbage trucks for the waste disposal company. The deep impact of marginalization in Troy Maxon’s psyche is shown as he counsels his teenage son Cory Maxon when he is being actively recruited for a college football scholarship. His father discourages him, and tells him not to ignore other important responsibilities. Troy wants that his son should never haul garbage like him. Cory represents all the possibilities his father never had and the unmet dreams. Yet the father is unwilling to let the son go on the path chosen by him to improve his lot in life.   His apprehension is that the white-dominated sports will not let Cory progress, and break his heart. Troy had spent fifteen years in jail for robbery and murder, but he became an accomplished baseball player in the jail. After the release, when he could not get proper opportunities to display his skill, he is bitter and resentful at the chances lost because of the color of his skin. He wants to protect his son from facing such disappointments and turn cynical. It was due to marginalization that Troy’s life was full of difficulties, oppression coupled with bad luck. As a boy, due the abject poverty, he was denied education, he cannot even read. Marginalization is practiced all over the world, and it embraces humanity. In the Developed World, racial and ethnic minority groups stand out as the most marginalized. Then there are other classes like, the poor, the sick, the disabled, the obese, teenage unwed mothers, the elderly, the homosexuals and lesbians. These groups suffer from one form of marginalization or the other-unemployment, poverty, poor health facilities and lack of education and the like. How can we strive to end it? The question should be rather how we can mend it? The ending to marginalization can only be through mending the ways of the society. First of all, the affluent and the socially well placed members of the majority community should realize the grave injustice rendered to the affected society for centuries. Genuine repentance and willing acceptance to reform can only change the social structure. The change with-out can be achieved only through the change with-in. Society must have a will to change, and that is possible by the combined efforts of the government, social and spiritual organizations. It is high time that marginalization is given a ‘decent’ burial. References: Morrison, Toni, Sula: Excerpted from the book jacket: †¦ â€Å"In clear, dark, resonant language   †¦ .members.tripod.com/~bibliomania/archive3/morrison5.html – 9k –Retrieved on May 21, 2007.                                                                                                

Propanol and Butanol Essay Example

Propanol and Butanol Essay Example Propanol and Butanol Paper Propanol and Butanol Paper To investigate and compare the relationships between the amounts of energy released from different alcohols in the alcohol series. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Alcohols are a series of organic homologous compounds with the general formula of C(n) H(2n+1) OH. They gain their properties, which are different to those of other compounds in the homologous series due to the OH bonded to the Carbon. The 4 simplest alcohols are Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol and Butanol. Each alcohol has one more carbon and two more hydrogens than the previous one. When alcohols are heated to react in a copious supply of oxygen they undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is an exothermic one and produces a flame emitting light and thermal energy. This is because the energy put into the alcohol to break the bonds is less than the energy given out by new bonds forming. Therefore, different alcohols release different amounts of energy. The diagrams and calculations on the following sheets show the theoretical energy release of each alcohol using the bond energy values below. BOND TYPE BOND ENERGY (KJ/mol) 0-H 463 C-H 412 C-O 360 C=O. 805 (Carbon dioxide) O=O 496 C-C 348 The calculations show that: (the negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light) ALCOHOL ENERGY RELEASED (KJ/mol)) Methanol -659 Ethanol -1279 Propan-1-ol -1899 Butan-1-ol -2519 The negative values mean energy is lost from the compounds and is therefore given out as heat or light as an exothermic reaction. The graph shows that as the length of alcohol chains increases the energy released by combustion will also increase directly proportionally. This is shown by the straight line passing through the origin on the graph on page 6. This is because the longer chains have give out more energy from the bonds formed in the products than the energy that went in to break the extra carbon and 2 hydrogen bonds. During this investigation I will be using propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol. The 1 refers to the structure of the compound, as Propanol and Butanol are capable of having more than one structure but share the same molecular formula. This is important as other isomers will release different levels of energy due to the different arrangement of bonds. PREDICTION The evidence given previously states that the longer the chain of the molecules the more energy it will release. Therefore I expect Methanol to give of the least energy and Butan-1ol to release the most amount of energy. This is due to the enrrgy of the products in Butanol being higher than the energy in Methanol. My graph should look the same as the one on the previous page for the theoretical energy release values. However, I will expect my results to show a lower level of energy release because not all of the energy will go into heating the water. Some of the heat will be lost by being blown away and some energy will take the form of light. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. How high do I place the calorimeter above the burner? I found that a decent sized flame was 4cm and therefore I clamped the calorimeter 7cm above the top of the burner. This allowed for the flame to burn freely without the bottom of the calorimeter interfering with the combustion and making it unfair. How large should the flame be? Although the size of the flame will not effct the results diretly because the rate at which the alcohol burns is irrelevant due to the fat that the change in mass is also measured. However, the size of the flame can make the results inaccurate in other ways. I found that the small flames flickered to much and did not produce a constant enough source of heat. However, I also found that the large flames were blown around a lot by the slightest of drafts and therefore the heat was not always being transferred into the calorimeter. I decided that 4cm was a good height to use as it was not affected by the drafts too much and did not flicker.   How much water do I fill the calorimeter with? The amount of water in the calorimeter needs to be a sensible amount as too much will not heat up enough to be recorded accurately and too little will heat up so much it boils and the results are useless. Therefore I decided to use 70cmi (70g) of distilled water as it was heated up enough to be recorded acuratly but did not boil.   How often do I stir the calorimeter? The calorimeter needs to be stirred so that the water is moved around and uniform heating occurs. Uniform heating means that all the water is the same temperature and not just the bottom of the water is heated. Uniform heating make results more accurate. I decided to plunge the stirring wire down and up once every 5 seconds in order to mix the water.   How long do I heat the calorimeter for?

Writing Contest with Cash Prizes

Writing Contest with Cash Prizes ATTENTION ALL WRITERS! Summer has arrived, and this means our essay writing contest is now open for your submissions! The contest is international, so participants from any country are welcome! Visit the contest page for all the guidelines and submission details. Deadline August 1, 2014. Selected winner and runners-up will be announced on August 4, 2014. Win Cash Prizes $250 for the winner $100 for the first runner up $100 for the second runner up Spread the word about the contest to your friend authors who may be interested. We look forward to reading your submissions. Best of luck and happy writing!

Left and right sided Basiler Stroke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Left and right sided Basiler Stroke - Essay Example The two vertebral arteries join forming one basilar artery, which supplies oxygen to the brain’s ‘vertebrobasilar territory’. If a stroke occurs in this region, it is known as a posterior stroke (Healthtree.com, 2010). It is also classified as ischemic stroke (stroke that occurs as a result as an obstruction of an artery to the brain). Different kinds of diseases cause it. Firstly, blood clots in the heart, which can result from heart valves’ abnormalities, heart attack or irregular heartbeat.  The second cause is thinning of the arteries at the head or neck, which is often caused by atherosclerosis. If the arteries turn out to be too narrow, blood cells may accumulate, forming blood clots, which can obstruct the artery where they are formed or can dislodge and be trapped in arteries nearer the brain.  Other probable causes include traumatic injury to the blood vessels of the neck, blood-clotting disorders or use of street drugs (Strokecenter.org, 2010) . Occasionally, strokes that occur in the basilar territory affect both hemispheres of the brain such that symptoms take place on both sides of the body.

Muslms and health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Muslms and health Care - Essay Example Muslims have clear ideas about their medical care due to religious beliefs. This has to be taken into consideration by non-Muslim doctors. Since there are millions of Muslims in the United States, with a growing population, their needs are significant. Many Muslims have no choice but to be treated by a non-Muslim doctor. If their needs are not met, many Muslims would rather practice their religion than get medical care. This would be a travesty. American citizens would be suffering from third world illnesses just because doctors do not meet their needs. Muslims believe in transplantation and organ donations, HIV/AIDS treatment, non-abortive contraception methods (IMANA Ethics Committee, 2005). However Muslims do not believe in assisted reproductive methods, surrogacy, abortion, morning after pill, cloning, or medicines with alcohol (IMANA Ethics Committee, 2005). Another issue is modesty and opposite gender examination. Hajabs, head coverings, must be worn in public (Abdullah, 2008). Public includes hospitals. Opposite gender examinations can be preformed if a third party witness, the same sex as the patient, is present. These rules are important to a Muslim. If a doctor understands these rules, then they can form a treatment plan the patient is more likely to follow. Muslim doctors and health personnel know what treatment plans that Muslims would be more likely to follow. However not all Muslims are treated by doctors from the Muslim faith. Not all non-Muslim doctors are familiar with Muslim religious needs. Many Americans are informed about Muslims through stereotypes on television. This needs to change. The only way to improve this issue is effective communication with the patient. Effective communication will enhance a doctor’s cultural competence in addressing Muslim needs. There two different ways to have effective communication with a patient. The first is asking a patient that walks in with a Hajab what

Idealized versus Real Identity in Carson's Audubon Essay - 2

Idealized versus Real Identity in Carson's Audubon - Essay Example For Carson,   James Audubon’s realist works are not authentic because they signify forced renditions of natural birds. She presents a unique notion of the difference between substance and form in human identity. In â€Å"Audubon,† Carson uses image, diction, sarcasm, and metaphor to argue that, when people are blinded with their love for physical appearance and social stratification, they cannot perceive the difference between human form and substance and see the truth about their identities.The poem employs images of inauthentic portrayals of birds to depict the disparity between people’s perception and the reality of their identity. The images of the birds cannot be trusted as truthful because they are dead, in the same way, that perceptions of humanity tend to be false because people base them on idealistic, but inaccurate, views of themselves. Carson puts open and close quotation marks on the phrase â€Å"drawn from nature† (2) because Audubon did no t paint them as they are. Audubon paints them, not as they are, but as how he wants them to be. Carson accentuates that â€Å"†¦[Audubon] hated the unvarying shapes/of traditional taxidermy† (5-6). She suggests that he is not satisfied with the roughness of actual animal nature. He prepares them to be more palatable to his tastes and audience. But to change nature indicates deception. Some people also enjoy deceiving others with appearances. They will enhance or hide their natural features, in order for them to be acceptable in their society. Furthermore, a number of people take pains in being who they are not. Carson emphasizes how Audubon changes what a bird must be, according to how he wants them to be seen.   She describes the â€Å"flexible armatures of bent wire and wood/ on which he arranged bird skin and feathers† (7-8).   Nothing is natural in his paintings because the actions of the birds and their appearances are contrived.

Deontological ethics Essay Example for Free

Deontological ethics Essay In life one must deal with moral and ethical dilemmas. â€Å"Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral obligation† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2013). It studies human moral behavior and how one should act. Ethics helps to explain how a person should feel about a particular situation. There are several groups of studies of ethics that defend and recommend concepts of right and wrong. The focus of this paper will be to describe three of the groups of within ethics, which are virtue theory, utilitarianism, and, deontological ethics. Afterward, it will show how virtue theory played a major part in a personal ethical dilemma. Virtue ethics is a classification within Normative Ethics that attempts to discover and classify what might be deemed of moral character, and to apply the moral character as a base for ones choices and actions† (Gowdy, 2009, Virtue Ethics, para. 1). The general perspective of virtue ethics is that one should choose their own personal excellence and contentment. If the person’s character is good, one should not be judged mainly by rules and customs. Virtue theory looks at someone’s habits of excellence for long term and forgives for minor mistakes. The Utilitarianism theory means â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number† (Boylan, 2009, p. 153). â€Å"Utilitarianism is an ethical principle according to which an action is right if it tends to maximize happiness, not only the agent also of everyone affected† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2013). They focus on the acts of a person rather than ones motives. The moral action in this theory must be the greatest aggregate utility or the average utility. Bentham and Mills supported the theory of utilitarianism and created the pleasure principle. They believed that pleasure principle is a clearly identifiable end to what humans strive. â€Å"Deontological is a moral theory that emphasizes one’s duty to do a particular action just because the action, itself, is inherently right and not through any other sorts of calculations such as consequences to the action† (Boylan, 2009, p. 171). Deontology advocates the nature of principle. Moral principles are warranted through an understanding of the structure, reason and will. The foundation of commands in deontology involves laws and natural moral duties. Kant was a strong proponent of deontology and believed that people must act from duty. He argued that it is not the effects of actions that make them right or wrong but the motives of the person. My moral dilemma relates to the virtue theory because of my family’s strong religious values and beliefs. My family nurtured me in a strict Catholic household and with high family religious morals. I performed all the Catholic rituals starting from when I was very young, such as first communion and all the way to confirmation. We went to church every Sunday and my family and I still continue the same rituals. I encountered my moral dilemma when I became pregnant before I was married. My family was very disappointed when they discovered I was pregnant and wanted us to get married right away. In the Catholic religion it is considered a major sin to have a baby out of wedlock. My boyfriend and I believed we were not prepared to get married at the time. Marriage is a strong sacrament in our religion as well. We did not want to rush into getting married just because of my family’s religious values. We married in Catholic Church two years after our son was born. Even though I lived my life as a respectable Catholic, I could not conform strictly to their rules. I had to decide what was best for my absolute moral value and character. In conclusion it is good to question ethics because one must decide from right and wrong. We have learned through virtue, utilitarianism, and deontological theories that there are different ways to rationalize a dilemma. The responsibility of an individual is to decide how to deal with each ethical situation to the best of our own abilities. It is from actual life experiences and ethical values that make us who we are. References Boylan, M. (2009). Basic Ethics (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Ethics. (2013). In Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam- webster. com/dictionary/ethic Gowdy, L. N. (2009). Ethic Morals. Retrieved from http://www. ethicsmorals. com/ethicsvirtue. html Utilitarianism. (2013). In Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/utilitarianism.